Ethical Codes Essay Example for Free

Ethical Codes Essay The increasing dependences on computers for critical infrastructure essentials for the functioning of a society and its economy has given rise to host of ethical, social, and legal issues. As software engineers, it is a bounden duty to design and build software intended for use by a set of individuals for a specified set of purpose, which initiate many issues about consumer’s privacy. Following is the exploration from three constituents. First, websites collect consumer’s private information. Social networks play a vital role in the life of Internet users, and more than a half billion people post vast amounts of information about themselves to share with online friends and colleagues. As more and more people join social networking sites, questions are beginning to surface about the safety of user’s information. A new study has found that the practices of many popular social networking sites typically make that personal information available to companies that track Web users’ browsing habits and allow them to link anonymous browsing habits to specific people. Like most commercial websites, online social networks use third-party tracking sites to learn about the browsing habits of their visitors. Cookies are maintained by a Web browser and contain information that enable tracking sites to build profiles of the websites visited by a user. Each time the user visits a new website, the tracking site can review those cookies and serve up advertisements that might appeal to the user. For example, if the user frequently visits food sites, user might see an advertisement for a new cookbook. With the leakage of this type personal information, there is a significant risk of having one’s identity linked to an inaccurate or misleading browsing profile. Browsing profiles record the websites has been accessed by a particular computer, neither who was using the computer at the time nor why particular sites were chosen. This will lead to a serious problem inaccurate profiling by tracking sites. For example, a site about cancer was visited for curiosity rather than intent, inaccurate profiling would potentially lead to issues with health care coverage, or other areas of our personal lives. The second issue is when a consumer uses a product created by a computer professional. The main concept in engineering ethics is â€Å"professional responsibility†, such as political philosopher Langdon Winner, are critical of the traditional preoccupation of engineering ethics with specific moral dilemmas confronting individuals(Winner, 1990): â€Å"Ethical responsibility nvolves more than leading a decent, honest, truthful life And it involves something much more than making wise choice when such choices suddenly, unexpectedly present themselves. Our moral obligations must include a willingness to engage others in the difficult work of defining the crucial choice that confront technological society † But unfortunately, with the development of technology and the awakening co nsciousness of human protection, user privacy is becoming a sensitive issue , after the two giants Google and Apple have stumbled in this regard. Recently, the recognition of the recent HTC phones to collect the user’s data. A user in a system upgrade and found a new CIQ application, the application can access statistics, including the application frequency, GPS location, even after the use of information related to home video cameras, and back to the respective companies. HTC aspects of this incident came to light on the phone today to confirm pre-installed software to collect user information, but all processes are encrypted safe manner. HTC also said in a statement, the company will protect user privacy, commitment to the future equipment and then collect information, the user will be prompted to make a clear choice. Although the company will give customers the utmost assurance of their privacy, why HTC phones collected the user’s data from the beginning? Finally, the employer or company who offers a services. With the rocketing development of Internet, most companies see web services as a platform to become a very profitable business in the near future. In other words, thousands of customers’ private information will be stored in the Internet, which could have serious consequences if a firm lacks the security to protect sensitive information. For example, the most infamous Internet attack occurred this year was the one suffered by Sony. Everything started with the theft of data from PlayStation Network, affecting 77 million users worldwide. Not only was this the biggest data theft ever but the situation was poorly handled by Sony. To make things worse, the stolen data was specially sensitive, including user’s names, billing addresses, email addresses, PlayStation Network IDs, passwords, birthdates, purchase history, credit card numbers, etc. If this was not sufficient enough, Sony Online Entertainment was subject to another attack a few days later, a data theft that affected another 24 million users. In short, the chief man-made cause is deficiency in professional responsibility. If the company built information securi ty system and strengthened individual information protection from the start, which would avert the tragedy from getting worse. In conclusion, the actions involved in carrying out the right and ethical solution to any engineering problem may not be easy, especially in today’s world. But the path that must be taken should be obvious. This type of decision-making comes with experience, but the basic principles can be learned. The work that an engineer does often impacts the lives of countless people. With such a responsibility it is up to them to act in the most ethical, honest and trustworthy manner possible.

History behind Frankenstein Essay -- Mary Shelley

Mary Shelley, a Romance author, began writing during the period of the French Revolution (1789-1799). Members of the Revolution believed that the few individuals who were leading them were going to change the world. After the wars that followed the French Revolution had taken their toll, it became evident that these leaders could not even succeed in maintaining authority. The hundreds that followed them were forced to accept abandonment by their leaders and a new order. Shelley’s first novel, Frankenstein, expresses this disillusionment that was experienced by herself and those around her. In this novel a young scientist’s selfish ambition becomes the ruin of his world, â€Å"Learn from me, if not by my precepts, at least by my example, how dangerous is the acquirement of knowledge, and how much happier that man is who believes his native town to be the world, than he who aspires to become greater than his nature will allow† (p. 48). Frankenstein is a fictional story about a young man who creates a human. He makes this creature with the physical attributes of a man, eyes, ears, mouth, mind, and the senses. Victor’s motivation was personal glorification, â€Å"A new species would bless me as its creator and source, many happy and excellent natures would owe their being to me†p.49. Similarly the revolutionaries sought distinction in the creation of a new order or nation. Soon after its birth, however, Victor abandons his creation because of his inability to accept the responsibility that came with completion. This is similar to the leaders of the revolution in Shelley’s time. They began a powerful movement that promised glory, but which they could not control. The result of their abandonment caused death in the wars that followed. As the sto... ...apse of the French Revolution, without leadership it could not be successful. There had been no reconciliation and it had died away among scattered wars. Frankenstein seems to represent an unfinished tale to an unfinished portion of Shelley’s life. She could not write an end to her revolution because the French Revolution had dissolved into an unrecognizable idea. I would not simply categorize Frankenstein as a science fiction novel. Mary Shelley was writing on her life and times. She and other Romance writers were impacted by the crush of the French Revolution and the high ideals which it promised. These disappointments are evident in Frankenstein as Victor Frankenstein creates, abandons, and is eventually destroyed by his selfish ambition, as were the revolutionaries. Works Cited Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein http://www.wsu.edu/~delahoyd/frank.comment1.html

Beowulf- Christian or Pagan? Essay

Pointing out what makes up a Christian or pagan story will explain this most clearly. In a Christian story, it must have these elements: First of all, the story must have at least one of the characters believe in the one true God. Christ founded the Christians so the Christians must believe in what He says. Since, Christ taught the Trinity and that there is one true God, then it is a part of that religion – so a Christian story must have this belief. Secondly, a Christian story must have Christian virtues or values. Christ taught the New Law, which states to avoid violence and love your enemies, if necessary defend yourself. Jesus also taught the Beatitudes which states to be virtuous and generous – so a Christian story must also have those elements. On the contrary, a pagan story must have these elements: For instance, pagans believe in anything non-Christian. The definition of a pagan is a non-Christian – so whatever Christians do they do the opposite. If the story is mostly non-Christian then it is a pagan story. Also, pagans believe in myths. Since, Christians believe in one God and truth, then the pagans believe in many gods and myths. So, when the story has many gods and mythology and the characters believe it – it must be pagan. Look more:  beowulf essay Having explained the differences between a Christian and pagan story – it can go on to finding these elements in the epic. Beowulf has both aspects of pagan and Christian. A few of the many of these Christian elements are these: First, â€Å"holy God decided the victory. It was easy for the Lord, the Ruler of Heaven, to redress the balance once Beowulf got back up on his feet. † (lines 1553-1556). God helped Beowulf win this fight and he praises him for it. Beowulf believes in God so he knows that he could not have done it without Him. Second, â€Å"I was†¦ given full measure†¦ to choose from Hrothgar’s treasures†¦ King Hygelac, I am happy to present to you as gifts. † (lines 2145-2149). Beowulf was generous to give his rewarded gifts to his beloved uncle – so Beowulf had Christian values. He was not selfish and kept it all to himself, but gave to others like Christ gave. However, some of the pagan elements in Beowulf are these: Such as, â€Å"his glee was demonic, picturing the mayhem: before morning he would rip life from limb and devour them, feed on their flesh;† (lines 730-731) and â€Å"he dived into the heaving depths of the lake. It was the best part of the day before he could see the solid bottom. † (lines 1494-1496). The first reference was about Grendel, who was a mythical creature and he does not exist, which is pagan. The second reference was about Beowulf swimming and holding his breath for hours, which is impossible, so he has super human strength, so it is pagan. Including, â€Å"The Geat people built a pyre for Beowulf†¦ a wild litany of nightmare and lament: her nation invaded, enemies on the rampage, bodies in piles, slavery and abasement. Heaven swallowed the smoke. † (lines 3137 and 3152-3155). Christian stories never really end dark, saturnine, and foreboding. Also, his burial was a pagan one, so Beowulf does not know Christianity as well, to know that he asked for a pagan burial. Even though Beowulf can be both pagan or Christian, one must override the other. Beowulf is a Christian epic, Christianity overrides Paganism, for the storyline of Beowulf follows the storyline of Christ; making Beowulf as Christ. One example is when Beowulf was called, â€Å"protector of his people, pledged to uphold truth and justice and to respect tradition† (lines 1700-1701). Christ healed people individually from sin at first. Then same with Beowulf, he helps the town of the Danes, first. Additionally, Beowulf â€Å"was sad at heart, unsettled yet ready, sensing his death. † (line 2419-2420). Christ willingly fights Satan and dies to save his people. Anyhow, Beowulf also fights the dragon (devil) and readily dies to save his people (town). Moreover, â€Å"The lord of the Geats took eleven comrades,† (line 2401) and â€Å"the youth was to enter the line of battle with his lord. † (lines 2625-2626). Christ asks twelve to go with him to death, then one betrays, and the others fled; so the youngest (John) stays with him until death. A bit different in Beowulf, but it happens that he asks eleven to go help him fight the devil dragon, and they all fled except the youngest (Wiglaf), who stayed with him and fought with him until death. So it happens that, â€Å"The treasure had been won, bought and paid for by Beowulf’s death. † (lines 2847-2848). Christ dies to defeat Satan and win the spiritual lives of his people. Then, Beowulf also dies which kills the dragon and the â€Å"treasure† or his town’s lives were won and saved. Therefore, because the storyline of Beowulf is closely related to that of Christ’s storyline; it concludes that Beowulf is a fundamentally Christian story. The epic, Beowulf, is definitely a Christian epic, but it displays the transition from Paganism to Christianity; that is why there are some pagan aspects, for Beowulf and all his other relatives and fellow barbarians are still in the process of learning all the rules of the Christians. â€Å"Sometimes at pagan shrines they vowed offerings to idols†¦ the Lord God†¦ was unknown to them. † (lines 175-176 and 181-182); that stated that the barbarians were pagan, but converted. Therefore, Beowulf, has a few pagan aspects in it, but is primarily Christian.

Teaching Methods Teaching And Learning - 2900 Words

Introduction There is a lot of resources going to higher education in teaching and learning methods, there has been high demand to modernise teaching and learning methods from different stakeholders in learning fraternity , increased demand for Value for money in education and teaching has contributed in more student focused teaching methods as compared to traditional method. The modern teaching method has great emphasis on quality and student centred teaching techniques which has proved more productive than the teacher lead methods, according to prosser and Twigwell, 1998; Biggs, 1999 learning and learner are the key focal point in delivering effective teaching and learning In Morden teaching and learning practice the focus has moved from teacher concentration to what the learners do and respond. According to research, teachers with empathy and passion always stimulate students to adapt a deeper learning approach, though some other research suggest that this will depend on what being taught and other situational factors . Quality teaching should not be defined by teacher’s pedagogical skills but should be focused on student -centred with an aim of meeting student’s personal needs and learning environment. Students will always take different approach in learning, majority of student adopt the surface learning approach while others will adopt the deep learning approach, others can adopt a strategic learning approach (Biggs,199). According to (Lublin,Show MoreRelatedTeaching Methods Of Teaching And Learning Essay1584 Words   |  7 Pagesto describe different practices of teaching and learning. Teaching Australia (2008) defined pedagogy as ‘the art and science of educating children, the strategies for using teacher professional knowledge, skills and abilities in order to foster good learning outcomes’ (p.3). Teaching and learning is a two-way process. Teachers choose the effective instruction modes to disseminate knowledge. Students adapt to different learning styles and use different learning strategies to help them process theRead MoreTeaching Methods For Teaching And Learning1809 Words   |  8 Pages Teaching Methods Introduction Although teaching and learning are closely related, they are different. Good teaching is measured by the quality of learning a student is getting as measured by the information the students will then have gained knowledge of. There is a high degree of connection between what has been learned by students and how they then grade the teacher and the subject area. Cohen, 1981; Theall and Franklin, (2001), postulate that learners awarded high marks to their teachersRead MoreMethod of Teaching and Learning18614 Words   |  75 PagesFacilitating learning: Teaching and learning methods Authors: Judy McKimm MBA, MA (Ed), BA (Hons), Cert Ed, FHEA Visiting Professor of Healthcare Education and Leadership, Bedfordshire Hertfordshire Postgraduate Medical School, University of Bedfordshire Carol Jollie MBA, BA (Hons) Project Manager, Tanaka Business School, Imperial College London This paper was first written in 2003 as part of a project led by the London Deanery to provide a web-based learning resource to support the educationalRead MoreThe Methods Of Teaching And Learning Language860 Words   |  4 PagesThe Way to be a Better English Language Learner : Age, Motivation and Learning Strategy There are many factors to consider when thinking about the most effective methods of teaching and learning language. Since I am a student who has studied English as second language learners for a long time, the way to be a better English language learner has stimulated my curiosity. There are several factors affecting language learning. Innumerable studies have been performed in an effort to find a better, fasterRead MoreNotes On Teaching And Learning Methods Essay1062 Words   |  5 PagesEssay Structure Gibbs, G. (1988). Learning by Doing: a guide to teaching and learning methods. Oxford: Further Education Unit. My Outline 1. Description: What happened? a. What: Hardship in the beginning of the study in New Zealand i. Hardly understand the lessons from the first day. Since most the background knowledge such as mathematics were required to be revised. ii. Tried to read books and still hardly understand most of the lesson iii. Courses started to be very challenging and informationRead MoreAlternative Teaching Methods For Cooperative Learning Essay1545 Words   |  7 PagesMarriam-Webster defines learning as â€Å"Knowledge or skill acquired by instruction or study† (2016). The instruction that Webster’s is referring to often comes in the form of direct instruction by a classroom teacher. This paper will explore the alternative teaching method of cooperative learning in the regular education classroom. Cooperative learning is a method of teaching that involves group based learning with a focus on the social dynamic of a diverse group of students. The classroom teacherRead MoreTeaching Methods For Students With Learning Difficulties1802 Words   |  8 PagesEducators continue to debate which instructional method is the most effective for students with learning difficulties in regular classrooms. Despite the continued deliberation over which teaching method is best suited to the teach ing of mathematics to students with learning difficulties, explicit teaching has overwhelming come out on top. According to mathematic intervention research explicit instruction is one of the most effective instructional approaches. This paper will put forward the argumentsRead MoreTeaching Styles And Methods Rather Than Learning946 Words   |  4 Pagesfrom other youth ministry classes that I have taken. In this class we discussed more about teaching styles and methods rather than learning about how to deal with adolescents. For me this class really helped me to become more confident that I can be a youth minister. To help relate this experience for me into a paper I will discuss the different historical elements of how to religiously teach, the learning styles, and some of the things that I will take with me as I go out into the field. TheRead MoreTeaching Methods That Affect A Child s Learning863 Words   |  4 Pages In today’s world, there are numerous different teaching methods that affect a child s ability to learn; these different teaching methods have either a positive or negative impact on a child’s learning in-take. In most schools, the instructors are allowed to profess in a way that satisfies their teaching abilities. Majority of teachers nowadays teach the material, test the material, and then move on to the next chapter, without making sure that all of the students understand the contents. ThereforeRead MoreUsing Qualitative Research Methods For Teaching And Learning Research1568 Words   |  7 Pagesinto 3 categories 1. It can be employed on its own as an independent research method. 2. It can be an auxiliary research method used to support quantitative studies as a data source and or a system of continuous investigations. 3. It can be one of several methods used in research. Using qualitative research methodologies for teaching and learning research can supply informative views into student ideas of the learning environment. Stewart, Shamdasani Rook (2007) felt that by understanding the

Learn the Spanish Abbreviations You Should Know

Spanish has dozens of abbreviations, and theyre common in both formal and informal writing. Differences Between Abbreviations in English and Spanish Unlike in English, where most abbreviations are capitalized, many Spanish abbreviations are not. Generally, abbreviations that are capitalized are personal titles (such as Sr. and Dr., even though the words themselves are not capitalized when spelled out) and those derived from proper nouns. But there are exceptions. Note also that, as in English, some abbreviations are used with or without periods varying with the style of writer or publication. The points of the compass usually arent abbreviated in running text. List of Spanish Abbreviations Here are the most common Spanish abbreviations. This list is far from complete, as Spanish has hundreds of abbreviations. Among those not listed here are those that are common in only one country, including acronyms for government agencies such as JUJEM for Junta de Jefes del Estado Mayor, the Spanish Joint Chiefs of Staff. This list shows the Spanish abbreviation in boldface, the Spanish meaning and the corresponding English abbreviation or translation. A/A — a la atencià ³n — to the attentiona.C., a. de C., a.J.C., a. de J.C. — antes de Cristo, antes de Jesucristo — B.C. (before Christ), BCE (before Common Era)a. m. — antes del mediodà ­a — a.m. (before noon)apdo. — apartado postal — P.O. Boxaprox. — aproximadamente — approximatelyAv., Avda. — avenida — Ave. (avenue, in addresses)Bs. As. — Buenos Aires — Buenos Airescap.o — capà ­tulo — chapterc.c. — centà ­metros cà ºbicos — c.c. (cubic centimeters)Cà ­a — compaà ±Ãƒ ­a — Co. (company)cm — centà ­metros — cm. (centimeters)c/u — cada uno — apieceD. — don — SirDa. — doà ±a — Madamd.C., d. de C., d.J.C., d. de J.C. — despuà ©s de Cristo, despuà ©s de Jesucristo — A.D. (anno domini), CE (Common Era)dna. — docena — dozenDr., Dra. — doctor, doctora — Dr.E — este (punto cardinal) — E (east)EE. UU. — Estados Unidos — U.S.esq. — esquina — street corneretc. — etcà ©tera — etc.f.c., F.C. — ferrocarril — R.R. (railroad)FF. AA. — fuerzas armadas — armed forcesGob. — gobierno — Gov.Gral. — general — Gen. (military title)h. — hora — hourIng. — ingeniero — engineerkg — kilogramos — kg (kilograms)km/h — kilà ³metros por hora — kilometers per hourl — litros — litersLic. — licenciado — attorneym — metros — metersmm — milà ­metros — millimetersm.n. — moneda nacional — sometimes used to distinguish the national currency from others, especially in areas used by foreign touristsms. — manuscrito — manuscriptN — norte — N (north)no., nà ºm. — nà ºmero — No. ( number)O — oeste — W (west)OEA — Organizacià ³n de Estados Americanos — OAS (Organization of American States)ONU — Organizacià ³n de Naciones Unidas — UN (United Nations)OTAN — La Organizacià ³n del Tratado Atlà ¡ntico Norte — NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)pà ¡g. — pà ¡gina — pageP.D. — postdata — P.S.Pdte., Pdta. — presidente (masculine), presidenta (feminine) — presidentp.ej. — por ejemplo — e.g. (for example)p. m. — post meridien — p.m. (after noon)Prof, Profa. — profesor, profesora — Professorq.e.p.d. — que en paz descanse — R.I.P. (rest in peace)S — sur — S (south)S.A. — Sociedad Anà ³nima — Inc.S.L. — Sociedad Limitada — Ltd.Sr. — seà ±or — Mr.Sra. — seà ±ora — Mrs., Ms.Srta. — seà ±orita — Miss, Ms.s.s.s. — su segu ro servidor — your faithful servant (used as a closing in correspondence)tel. — telà ©fono — telephoneUd., Vd., Uds., Vds. — usted, ustedes — youv. — và ©ase — go seevol. — volumen — vol. (volume)W.C. — water closet — bathroom, toilet Abbreviations for Ordinal Numbers Just as in English we might use a spelling such as 5th for fifth, Spanish speakers often abbreviate ordinal  numbers using the numerals themselves. A big difference in Spanish is that the abbreviations vary with gender. For example, octavo (eighth) is written as 8o if its masculine and 8a if its feminine. Such forms arent common for numbers above 10. Note that in masculine forms a superscripted zero is used rather than a degree symbol.

Plea Bargaining And Prosecutorial Discretion - 1112 Words

Plea bargaining and prosecutorial discretion are two crucial components in criminal procedure. The prosecution has leverage over which charges they wish to pursue against a defendant, while the defendant has the choice of adjudication of guilt. Being that time is a critical factor, each party has to weigh the pros and cons before making any decisions. The prosecution aims to enforce the harsher punishment where more time is served, whereas the defendant intends on serving the least time possible. Both subjects use strategically approaches that best benefit their party. Prosecutorial discretion abides by several guidelines and rules. As stated in the Supreme Court case, Brodenkirhcer v. Hayes (1978), â€Å"so long as the prosecutor has probable cause to believe that the accused committed an offense defined by statute, the decision whether or not to prosecute, and what charge to file or bring before a grand jury, generally rests entirely in his discretion† (Whitebread Slobogin, 2008, p.591). Subsequently, nearly 75% of criminal cases presented in the federal courts result in dismissal; within state jurisdictions defendants are prosecuted 50% of the time. However, of those cases indicted, both federal and state, 95% result in conviction by guilty plea (Whitebread Slobogin, 2008, p.592). Although, prosecutions ultimate goal is to impeach defendants perceived guilty, there are several things that prohibit them from doing so. The most common reason for non-prosecution being theShow MoreRelatedThe Mandatory Minimum Sentencing Laws1613 Words   |  7 PagesCurrent mandatory minimum sentencing laws are in dire need of reform. A mandatory minimum sentence is a court decision where judicial discretion is limited by law. As a result, there are irrevocable prison terms of a specific length for people convicted of particular federal and state crimes. As of January 2014, more than 50 percent of inmates in federal prisons are serving time for drug offenses, and more than 60 percent of people incarcerated are racial and ethnic minorities. The use of safetyRead MoreThe Purpose of the Legislative Branch in Democratic Governmental Systems1661 Words   |  7 Pageswhat the moral and behavioral standards might be in society and, for the most part, these laws are applied uniformly and assist in making sure that certain unacceptable behaviors are sanctioned. The fact is, however, that there remains considerable discretion in the hands of the police and prosecutors in determining not only who is arrested and prosecuted but also as to how severely each defendant is to be charged and prosecuted. Such decisions are known as charging decisions. The actual criminal statutesRead MoreThe Plea Bargain Essay1305 Words   |  6 PagesThe plea bargain, a familiar term to most Americans. It is a procedure that for many years I associated with offering flexibility and rights citizens guilty of crimes. I thought of it as a way to implement justice with compassion. My opinion changed after seeing the impact of a plea bargain on the victims family member, who is a close friend of mine. This opinion was further solidified with watching the YouTube video, Ritter plea bargain. With research I continue to find prejudice, racism, injusticeRead MoreA Review of the Literature: Plea Bargaining and Ethics in the Criminal Justice System1913 Words   |  8 PagesLiterature: Plea Bargaining and Ethics in the Criminal Justice System | | | Plea bargaining is a significant portion of today’s criminal justice system. As Chief Justice Burger stated, â€Å"The disposition of criminal charges by agreement between the prosecutor and the accused, sometimes loosely called ‘plea bargaining,’ is an essential component of the administration of justice. Properly administered, it is to be encouraged† (Santobello v. New York, 1971). The practice of plea bargaining hasRead MoreEthical Considerations in the Criminal Justice Systems3505 Words   |  14 PagesEthical Considerations Introduction Since the 19th century, plea bargaining has become an important part of the criminal justice system. This is because prosecutors have often been overwhelmed with a tremendous amount of cases. At the same time, the cost and time involved with conducting a trial can become an added burden. To address these challenges, most district attorneys will use plea bargaining as way to dispense justice and reduce their backlog in cases. (Fisher, 2004, pp. 40 62) HoweverRead MoreThe Wedding Cake Model of the Criminal Jusice System1303 Words   |  6 Pagesto the defendant and he is informed of his rights. The defendant enters a plea of guilty or not guilty. If pleads not guilty, bail issues are then considered. Bail/detention Either bail is ordered by the judge or the defendant is released on his own recognizance. If bail is ordered, the defendant must come up with the money to be released pending a trial date, or he will remain incarcerated until his trial. Plea bargaining Where a defendant pleads guilty in return for a lighter sentence or a reductionRead MoreCompare and Contrast Policies2495 Words   |  10 Pages(Zalman, 2008) In the following paper, plea-bargaining and the three strikes law are chosen I will discuss the policies conflict, and crime control model versus the consensus and due process model. In addition answers will be given to questions about the effects on law enforcement, courts, differences between State and Federal and local polices, and how to see the effectiveness of these polices. Compare and Contrast of Policies Plea Bargaining The use of plea bargaining is very controversial in the criminalRead MoreAutomatic Transfer Law: An Effective Policy? 1218 Words   |  5 Pagesand 61 females. The participants had experienced both delinquency and family court with an average of 13.7 years of experience. The judges in this case had substantial experience with juvenile transfer cases, where they had the ability to exercise discretion. For the survey sent out, a judge had to evaluate a case of a sixteen year old male juvenile who committed a serious offense and to help the judge there was also a psychological report on the Kent concepts. For this juvenile, his level of dangerousnessRead MoreIndustrialization And Social Change During World War II3764 Words   |  16 Pagestrust in police knowledge. Without this, there is an uncertainty of higher levels of crime in the future. 2. Describe and analyze the role of the prosecutor in pursuing justice by applying Systems Theory. Be sure to assess their use of discretion, their decision to prosecute, their impact on sentencing, and their accountability to the public. What are some of the possible reforms and what are the constraints to change? †¨ A prosecutor decides the fate of adult felons 15 times more than aRead MoreEssay on Plea Bargaining Assignment4461 Words   |  18 Pagesï » ¿PLEA BARGAINING Plea Bargaining is the central feature of modern criminal justice system. It is also known as Pre-trial settlement, plea discussions, plea negotiations, resolution discussion etc. In its most traditional and general sense, â€Å"plea bargaining† refers to pre-trial negotiations between the defendant, usually conducted by the counsel and the prosecution, during which the defendant agrees to plead guilty in exchange for certain concessions by the prosecutor. The concept of plea-bargaining

International Business Political Hazardous Situation

Question: Describe about the International Business for Political Hazardous Situation. Answer: Background of the selected organization: Recent political hazardous situation has influenced one of the powerful economies of the world UK to leave the European Union. As a result, it has created a major hara-kiri in overall business procedures of all the major organizations dealing in different sectors. It has also influenced organizations to implement several strategic changes in order to maintain their business at the optimum level. In this study, the focus will be on the business processes of British Petroleum (BP) after UK leaving European Union. It has been assessed that oil and gas is among the prime sectors that are facing major challenges in the proper execution of the operational process for fulfilling the requirements of the market. Now, British Petroleum is the prime organization in UK dealing in the oil and gas sector (bp.com 2016). Therefore, it is expected that the evaluation of the strategies implemented by British Petroleum for countering present political hazardous situation will provide a guideline for ot her organizations dealing in the same sector for handling their business procedure in an appropriate manner. Furthermore, many recent news reports has highlighted the fact that Brexit has induced BP to make major changes in the operational procedure in order to achieve sustainable growth in the market. Impact of UK exit from European Union on the international business perspective of British Petroleum: As highlighted by Kar, Bansal and Mishra (2016.) UK has been separated from the European Union based on public opinion of the British people. However, the exit of UK from European Union has created major impact on the overall economic condition of the country. Firstly, Brexit has increased the level of uncertainty that UK has to face on the economic growth perspectives. As per the article by Coles (2016), Brexit has created major impact on several factors that play critical role on maintaining the economic condition of the economy. It has been assessed that Brexit has enhanced the friction between international trading partners and UK. As a result, it has increased the level of uncertainty that prime organizations have to face for the future access of the European market. Therefore, it has influenced organizations to hold their planned investment structure for specific time period. Now, global businesses are hugely interconnected with each other that have created major impact on the overall economic growth process to slow down in a major way. As a result, BP also has restricted some major investments for specific time period, which is expected to damage the growth rate of the organization in UK and European market. As Brexit has induced unexpected slowdown in the economic activity of UK, it has also created major adverse impact on the value of British Pound. As highlighted by Mitchell (2016) decreasing value of British pound induces major organizations like British Petroleum to investment more on the effective fulfilment of all the requirements of the operational process. Therefore, it has created adverse impact on the overall revenue level of the organization. For that reason, BP has tried to reduce the amount of benefits provided to all level of employees in order to maintain the profit level at the expected rate. As a result, it has also created huge amount adverse impact on the overall internal environment of the organization. However, Lea (2016) have highlighted that the impact of Brexit is not only restricted between the geographical boundaries of UK. It has also created major impact on the investment pattern of the foreign investors in UK market. It has been evaluated that the foreign in vestment rate has been dropped to 5% after UK has been separated from European Union. Therefore, it has also created adverse impact on the operational processes of BP for fulfilling all the requirements in an appropriate way. Identification of strategies implemented by British Petroleum in response to economic slowdown: As per the article by Busch and Matthes (2016), proper utilization of strategic decisions is necessary for achieving sustainable growth in the market. Specifically, in the politically complex situation significance of organization strategy is huge for fulfilling all the requirements in an appropriate way. Now, in order to counter the economic slowdown process BP has tried to utilize systematic procedure so that it can able to create maximum impact on the business perspective. Firstly, BP has focuses on to developing business strategies for convincing the foreign investors to invest continuously on the operational process. Therefore, British Petroleum has tried to utilized goodwill of the organization for inducing investors from different parts of the world to invest more on the operational process (Parkes 2016). BP has also tried to develop face-to-face meetings with the potential investors for providing them the idea regarding the kind of benefit they will receive by investing in th e operational process of the organization. As mentioned earlier, Brexit has reduced the value of British pound, which eventually created adverse impact on the overall revenue of the organization. Therefore, BP has focused developing strategies so that it can create positive impact on the overall effectiveness of the operational process (Lang and Schoen 2016). For instance, BP will try to reduce cost associated with international market strategies. Several studies have highlighted that BP tries to utilize effective market survey technique in order to create maximum amount of impact on the market. However, it has increased the overall cost associated with the marketing procedure that eventually reduces the profit level of the organization. Therefore, BP has focuses on the effective utilization of promotional campaign so that it can able to fulfil all the objectives. Implemented strategies of BP focused more on utilizing social media platforms to reach to the potential customers. Several studies have mentioned that social media is probably the most cost effective promotional tool that organization can choose utilize for achieving sustainable growth in the market. It also has tried to utilize direct marketing campaign for reaching to the target customers in an appropriate way (Lea 2016). Furthermore, BP has to invest huge amount of the effective logistic and transport department so that the products of the organization reach to the desired destination. However, the present situation has induced BP to consider different alternative strategies so that the cost associated with the logistic operational process can be recovered in an appropriate manner. Therefore, BP has tried to reduce the maintenance cost associated with logistics and operational process in an appropriate manner. After the exit of UK from European Union, BP has faced huge amount of challenges in providing products to all parts of the Europe. As the separation of UK from the European Union has created different types of legislative rules and regulations for the organizations for conducting the business, BP has tried to develop strategies in such a way so that it can able to fulfil all the requirements in an appropriate manner (Dhingra 2016). For instance, BPs strategy focuses on to include several legislative guidelines regarding both internal and external environment of the business in an effective way. BPs internal strategy focuses on to reducing the dissatisfaction level of the employees so that they can able to give their best at the workplace. The implemented strategy of BP has tried to provide certain level of benefits to the employees regardless of the present profit level (Cauwels and Sornette 2015). For instance, the organization has made conscious effort in maintaining the provided h ealth benefits to all the employees so that positive work environment can be maintained in future as well. BP has also tried to implemented effective leadership style for encouraging employees to give their best at the workplace (SERBIA 2016). For instance, the management of BP has consciously tried to utilize opinion of the employees at the time of implementing any changes in the operational procedure. BP has also focuses on to provide effective training facilities to the employees so that they can able to adjust with the changing operational procedure in an effective manner. Evaluation of the implemented strategies by BP in response to economic slowdown: The above-mentioned strategies of BP have provided specific assistance in countering the economic slowdown situation in an appropriate manner. For instance, implemented strategies of BP for convincing foreign stakeholders have helped to handle all the requirements of the operational process in an appropriate manner. However, in order to induce foreign investors, BP has to utilize different strategies like face-to-face conversation, utilization brand value in an effective manner (Colantone and Stanig 2016). As a result, BP has to develop a separate team so that they can able to convince all the prime foreign investors to invest continuously in the operational process of the organization. Economic slowdown has induced organizations to provide more benefits to the foreign investors for inducing them to make effective investment in the operational procedure (Zangana 2016). As a result, it has reduced profit level of the organization in a major way. Thus, it highlighted the fact that inve stor management strategy of BP has created mixed impact on the business level of the organization. Secondly, BP has tried to implement effective marketing campaign so that it can able to provide effective support to the organization. Therefore, the implemented marketing strategy of BP is more focused towards the cost effectiveness. However, cost effective marketing strategy of BP might not able to create desired amount of impact on reaching to the target market in an appropriate way (Gifford 2016). For instance, BP has tried to utilize social media platform for enhancing the popularity level in the market. However, business pattern of BP needs to target prime industrialize organizations to create maximum impact on the business process. Therefore, it can be easily assessed that the marketing campaign of BP also needs to utilize other marketing tools like direct marketing, television advertisements for creating desired impact on the market. Thus, it can be mentioned that BPs strategy of implementing cost effective marketing technique has not able to create expected impact level on t he market, which eventually will create adverse impact on the business processes. The above discussion has highlighted the fact that the implemented strategies of BP is focused towards reducing the benefit level of the employees for keeping the profit level of the organization at the optimum level. However, BP also has made a conscious effort to make very limited changes in the provided benefit level of the employees so that the healthy working atmosphere of the organization can be mentioned in future as well (Marriott 2014). However, as the organization is looking to reduce the benefit level, it will create adverse impact on the motivation of the employees. Therefore, BP has to handle the entire situation in such a way so that the work culture of the organization remains intact. Therefore, it has increased the significance of the implemented leadership style within the organization structure. Now, BP also has tried to utilize collaborative decision-making strategy for maintaining the entire work environment in an appropriate way. However, Benjamin (2016) has high lighted the fact that utilization of collaborative leadership strategy often reduces the speed of decision-making process in an appropriate manner. Therefore, the implemented leadership style of BP also has to consider the risk of slow decision-making process on the operational sector. In fact, it actually increases the level of expected risk that organization has to face in order to counter the economic slowdown process in an appropriate manner. Furthermore, implemented strategies of BP also include minimization of costs associated with logistics and operational process. Now, several studies have highlighted effective maintenance of logistics and supply chain management is necessary for the oil and gas sector. Otherwise, it can create major ethical and social challenges for the company to run the business in an appropriate manner (Marquand 2014). Now, reducing cost in the logistic and transport sector can increase health safety risk for the employees working in the respective department. Therefore, if any major accident occurs in the transport process, it will create direct adverse impact on the overall image of the organization. Therefore, the focus organization will face major challenges in maintaining the revenue level of the organization at the expected rate. Furthermore, reducing cost in the logistics process might also create difficulties for the organization to provide products at the desired destination within the li mited timeframe (Johnson 2016). Thus, the implemented strategies of BP can have both positive as well as negative impact on the business process of the organization. Recommendations: From the above discussion, it can be assessed that the implemented strategies of BP has not able to create desired amount of impact on the operational process of the organization. Therefore, BP needs to re-consider the implemented strategies for enhancing the level of impact on the business processes. The recommended strategies for BP in order to counter impact of Brexit are provided as follows: Establishment of structured investment pattern for the operational process: As per the article by Lea (2016) development proper investment structure is necessary for fulfilling all the requirements of the operational process in an appropriate manner. Structured investment pattern not only help organization to provided effective fund at all level of the operational process but also allows organization to segregate the entire profit level in an appropriate way. Now, structured investment pattern requires strong relationship with the investors, as it allows organization to handle difficult situation in an appropriate way. Thus, BP also needs to implement strategies for developing effective and long-term relationship with the investors so that the organization does not have to face crisis of fund at the difficult situations. Evaluation of future political context and its impact on the oil and gas industry: As highlighted by Gowland (2016) political issue is the prime cause for the separation of UK from the European Union. Therefore, it is necessary for BP to analyze the present political situations and its expected impact on the business perspective in a continuous manner. Proper evaluation of the political context will help the organization to judge the possible factors that can have impact on the overall effectiveness of the business procedure. For instance, oil and and gas industry is among the prime sector where political environment plays a critical role in fulfilling all the requirements in an appropriate manner. Several political rules regarding crude oil transportation, health benefits of the employees and service security level of the employees has been implemented on the organization. Therefore, it does create direct impact on the overall revenue level of the organization. Development of supporting model at the workplace: As highlighted by Radu and Radu (2016) business model plays a significant role in effective management of political and social barriers in an effective manner. Now, the above discussion has highlighted the fact that BP is primarily using collaborative business model for fulfilling all the requirements in an appropriate way. However, the implemented business model has slowed down the decision-making process for the organization. Therefore, it has become necessary for BP to utilize combined business model for fulfilling all the requirements of the operational process. For instance, BP needs to utilize autocratic business model in some situation for increasing the rate of decision-making process. Furthermore, the supportive business model has to be implemented in such a way so that it can reduce the pessimistic approach of the employees in an effective way. Therefore, it will eventually increase effectiveness of the operational process of the organization. Proper analysis of expected impact of Brexit on the employees: British Petroleum also needs to have in-depth analysis regarding the impact the Brexit can able to have on the employees. For instance, Brexit often induces organizations to implement changes in the operational procedure. Therefore, employees have to face challenges in order to fulfil the provided responsibilities of the organization. As per the article by Davies and Kirsey (2016) too much changes in the operational procedure reduces the motivational level of the employees that eventually reduces the effectiveness of the operational process. Furthermore, many employees become rigid when organizations focus on to implement too many changes in the operational procedure, which affects the revenue level of the organization. Therefore, proper evaluation of the expected impact of Brexit on the employees will help BP to develop counter strategies in an appropriate way. Reducing the cost associated with the RD sector: As per the article by Radu and Radu (2016), British Petroleum has invested huge amount on the RD department so that it can able to fulfil the demand of the market. Furthermore, it also utilizes RD department for enhancing the quality of final products so that it can able to satisfy the customers in an appropriate way. Now, in the present situation BP needs to cuts the cost associated with the operational process, as it will help to maintain the profit level at the expected rate. However, the cost cutting in the RD sector will have to be implemented in such a way so that it cannot able to create any type of negative impact on the operational process. Furthermore, BP needs to ensure that all the activities in the RD department has maintained the ethical and environmental guidelines so that it can create positive impact on the goodwill of the organization. Conclusion: The study has highlighted the fact that Brexit has created major impact on the overall business procedure of the organization. It not only created number political restrictions but also legislative restrictions as well that organizations need to consider for effective utilization of the business procedure. The study has highlighted that the implemented strategies of British Petroleum and its possible impact on the operational procedure. The study has highlighted both positive and negative aspect of the implemented strategies of British Petroleum for providing effective recommendations to enhance the revenue level in an appropriate way. The study has also provided the best possible way for BP to handle present hazardous political environment in the European Union. The study has recommended that British Petroleum needs to focus on both internal as well as external factors of the businesses in order to handle the challenges of Brexit on the operational processes in an effective way so t hat it can able to achieve sustainable growth in the European market. References: Benjamin, L., 2016. 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